This list and translation from ancient Greek and Roman texts is from the website
Theoi Greek Mythology , where a large store
of material on Greek mythology can be seen. The information below comes mostly
from their page on Khrysomallos.
It may not be complete, but it gives the range of citations about the Golden
Fleece that have survived.
Pseudo-Hyginus, Fabulae 188 (trans. Grant) (Roman mythographer 2nd
A.D.) :
"Theophane, a most beautiful maiden, was the daughter of Bisaltes. When
many suitors sought her from her father, Neptunus [Poseidon] carried her off
and took her to the island of Crumissa. When the suitors knew she was staying
there, they secured a ship and hastened to Crumissa. To deceive them, Neptunus
changed Theophane into a very beautiful ewe, himself into a ram, and the citizens
of Curmissa into cattle. When the suitors came there and found no human beings,
they began to slaughter the herds and use them for food. Neptunus saw that the
men who had been changed to cattle were being destroyed, and changed the suitors
into wolves. He himself, in ram form, lay with Theophane, and from this union
was born the Aries Chrysomallus (Golden-fleeced Ram) which carried Phrixus to
Colchis, and whose fleece, hung in the grove of Mars [Ares], Jason took away."
At the left is a Greek vase at Harvard that shows Phrixus, Helle and Chrysomallos preparing to flee Greece for Colchis. The vase is from Lucania and was made c. 350 B.C.
Hesiod, Catalogues of Women & Eoiae Fragment 38 (from Eratosthenes,
Catasterismoi 24. 124) (trans. Evelyn-White) (Greek epic 8th or 7th B.C.)
:
"The Ram [Krios]. This it was that transported Phrixos and Helle. It was
immortal and was given them by their mother Nephele, and had a golden fleece,
as Hesiod and Pherecydes say."
Pseudo-Hesiod, Aegimius Fragment 1 (from Scholiast on Apollonius
Rhodius, Argonautica 3. 587) (trans. Evelyn-White) (Greek epic 8th or
7th B.C.) :
"Phrixos was received without intermediary because of the fleece and so
holding the fleece he walked into the halls of Aeetes."
Pindar, Pythian Odes 4. 156 ff (trans. Conway) (Greek lyric 5th B.C.)
:
"[Pelias commands Jason fetch the Golden Fleece :] `You have it in your
strength to undo the vengeful anger of the powers of earth below. To bring his
spirit again Phrixos commands us journey to Aietes hall, and fetch from thence
the thick fleece of the ram, which saved him from the sea long ago, and from
the impious darts of his step-mother [Ino].'"
Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 1. 80 (trans. Aldrich) (Greek mythographer
2nd A.D.) :
"The oracle prophesied an end to the dearth if Phrixos were to be sacrificed
to Zeus. When Athamas heard this and was pressured by the joint efforts of the
inhabitants, he had Phrixos placed on the altar. But Nephele seized both him
and her daughter, and gave them a golden-fleeced ram which she had received
from Hermes, by which they were borne through the sky over and across the land
and the sea. But as they reached the sea that lies between Sigeion and the Kherronesos,
Helle slipped into the depths; from her death there the sea was called the Hellespontos
after her. Phrixos proceeded on to the Kholkians, who were ruled by Aeetes,
the son of Helios and Perseis, and brother of Kirke (Circe) and Minos’
wife Pasiphae. Aeetes received him and gave him Khalkiope, one of his daughters.
Phrixos sacrificed the golden-fleeced ram to Zeus Phyxios, but gave its fleece
to Aeetes, who nailed it to an oak tree in a grove of Ares."
Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica 1. 255 ff (trans. Rieu) (Greek epic
3rd B.C.) :
"[Ladies conversing at the launch of the Argo :] `How I wish that the dark
waves in which the lady Helle perished had closed over Phrixos and his ram [Khrysomallos]
as well. Instead, the wicked monster actually spoke to him. Hence all this misery
and heartache for Alkimede [Iason’s mother].'"
Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica 2. 1141 ff :
"[Argos addresses his fellow Argonauts :] `An Aeolid called Phrixos came
to Aea from Hellas. He reached Aeetes’ city on the back of a ram which
Hermes had turned into gold—you can still see its fleece, spread on the
leafy branches of an oak. Phrixos sacrificed the ram at its own suggestion to
Zeus alone, because he is the god of fugitives; and Aeetes made him welcome
in his palace.'"
Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica 1. 763 ff :
"[Amongst the images embroidered on the mantle of Jason by Athene :] Phrixos
the Minyan was also shown together with his ram [Khrysomallos]. So vividly were
they portrayed, the ram speaking and Phrixos listening, that as you looked you
would have kept quiet in the fond hope of hearing some wise words from their
lips."
Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica 2. 650 ff :
"The outfall of the River Phyllis [on the Black Sea coast]. It was here
that Phrixos son of Athamos had been entertained by Dipsakos when he was flying
with his Ram from the city of Orkhomenos."
Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica 4. 113 ff :
"They [Medea and Jason] landed on a lawn called the Ram’s Bed, as
it was there that the ram that carried Minyan Phrixos on its back first flexed
his weary knees. Near by, begrimed by smoke, was the base of the altar that
Phrixos had set up to Zeus, the friend of fugitives, when he sacrificed the
golden wonder, as Hermes had bidden him to do when he met him on the way.
Pausanias, Description of Greece 1. 24. 2 (trans. Jones) (Greek travelogue
2nd A.D.) :
"There is also a statue of Phrixos [on the Akropolis of Athens] the son
of Athamas carried ashore to the Kolkhians by the ram. Having sacrificed the
animal to some god or other, presumably to the one called the the Orkhomenians
Laphystios, he has cut out the thighs in accordance with Greek custom and is
watching them as they burn."
Pausanias, Description of Greece 9. 34. 5 (trans. Jones) (Greek travelogue
2nd A.D.) :
"When Athamas was about to sacrifice here [Mt Laphystios, Boiotia] Phrixos
and Helle, a ram with his fleece of gold was sent by Zeus to the children, and
that on the back of his ram they made good their escape."
Diodorus Siculus, Library of History 4. 47. 1 - 6 (trans. Oldfather)
(Greek historian 1st B.C.) :
"Phrixos, the son of Athamas, the myths relate, because of his stepmother’s
plots against him, took his sister Helle and fled with her from Greece. While
they were making the passage from Europe to Asia, as a kind of Providence of
the gods directed, on the back of a Ram (Krios), whose fleece was of gold (Khrysomallos),
the maiden fell into the sea, which was named after her Hellespontos, but Phrixos
continued on into the Pontos and was carried to Kholkis, where, as some oracle
had commanded, he sacrificed the ram and hung up its fleece as a dedicatory
offering in the temple of Ares. After this, while Aeetes was king of Kolkhis,
an oracle became known, to the effect that he was to come to the end of his
life whenever strangers should land there and carry of the golden fleece. For
this reason and because of his own cruelty as well, Aeetes ordained that strangers
should be offered up in sacrifice, in order that, the report of the cruelty
of the Kolkhoi having been spread abroad to every part of the world, no stranger
should have the courage to set foot on the land. He also threw a wall about
the precinct and stationed there many guardians, these being men of the Tauric
Chersonese, and it is because of these guards that the Greeks invented monstrous
myths. For instance, the report was spread abroad that there were fire-breathing
Tauroi (Bulls) round about the precinct and that a sleepless Drakon (Dragon)
guarded the fleece…
Also the account of Phrixos underwent a similar working into a myth. For, as some men say, he made his voyage upon a ship which bore the head of a ram upon its bow, and Helle, being troubled with sea-sickness, while leaning far over the side of the boat for this reason, fell into the sea… Phrixos and his attendant (Krios) were taken captive [by Aeetes… The attendant whose name was Krios (Ram), was sacrificed to the gods, and when his body had been flayed the skin was nailed up on the temple, in keeping with a certain custom. And when later an oracle was delivered to Aeetes to the effect that he was to die whenever strangers would sail to his land and carry off the skin of Krios, the king, they say, built a wall about the precinct and stationed a guard over it; furthermore, he gilded the skin in order that by reason of its brilliant appearance the soldiers should consider it worthy of the most careful guarding."
Philostratus the Elder, Imagines 2. 15 (trans. Fairbanks) (Greek
rhetorician 3rd A.D.) :
"In Kolkhis is preserved a golden fleece, the fleece of the ancient ram
that ferried Helle with Phrixos across the sky, as the story goes."
Pseudo-Hyginus, Fabulae 3 (trans. Grant) (Roman mythographer C2nd
A.D.) :
"While Phrixus and Helle under madness sent by Liber [Dionysos] were wandering
in a forest, Nebula [Nephele] their mother is said to have come there bringing
a gilded ram, offspring of Neptune [Poseidon] and Theophane. She bade her children
to mount it, and journey to Colchis to King Aeetes, son of Sol [Helios], and
there sacrifice the ram to Mars [Ares]. This they were said to have done, but
when they had mounted, and the ram had carried them over the sea, Helle fell
from the ram; from this sea was called Hellespont. Phrixus, however, was carried
to Colchis, where, as his mother had bidden, he sacrificed the ram, and placed
its gilded fleece in the temple of Mars—the very fleece which, guarded
by a dragon, it is said Jason, son of Aeson and Alcimede, came to secure."
Pseudo-Hyginus, Astronomica 2. 20 (trans. Grant) (Roman mythographer
2nd A.D.) :
"[Constellation] Aries the Ram. This is thought to be the ram which carried
Phrixus and Helle thought the Hellespont. Hesiod and Pherecydes [mythographer
C5th B.C.] say that it had a fleece of gold; about his we shall speak at greater
length elsewhere. Many have said that Helle fell into the Hellespont, [and]
was embraced by Neptune… Phrixus, on coming safely to Aeetes, sacrificed
the ram to Jove, and hung the fleece up in the temple. The image of the ram
itself, put among the constellations by Nubes, marks the time of year when grain
is sown, because Ino earlier sowed it parched--the chief reason for the flight.
Eratosthenes [Greek poet 3rd BC] says that the ram itself removed its golden
fleece, and gave it Phrixus as a memorial, and then came of its own accord to
the stars; for this reason it seems somewhat dim, as we said before… Stirred
by this report [false accusation that Phrixus attacked his wife], Cretheus,
as was fitting for one who deeply loved his wife and was king, persuaded Athamas
to put Phrixus to death. However, Nubes intervened, and rescuing Phrixus and
Helle his sister, put them on the ram, and bade them flee as far as they could
through the Hellespont Helle fell off and paid the debt to nature, and the Hellespont
was nemd from her name. Phrixus came to the Colchians, and, as we have said,
hung up the fleece of the slain ram in a temple."
Ovid, Fasti 3. 853 ff (trans.Boyle) (Roman poetry 1st B.C. to 1st
A.D.) :
"The seeds were burnt by the wicked stepmother’s [Ino’s] trick
and no customary grain had sprouted. A messenger visits the oracle to fetch
Delphi’s sure help for the barren earth. Corrupt like the seed, he reports
the oracle seeks the deaths of Helle and young Phrixus. People, time and Ino
compelled a stubborn king to endure the unspeakable orders. Phrixus and his
sister, headbands scarfing their brows, stand at the altars and wail their joint
fate. Their mother [Nephele the cloud nymphe] sees them as she hangs upon the
air, and hammers her naked breast in shock. She dives into the Dracon-born city
[Thebes], enveloped in clouds, and snatches her children away. She provides
a Ram shimmering with gold for their escape: it carries the two across the wide
seas. They say the girl’s left hand clutched the horn weakly, when she
named the water after herself. Her brother almost died with her, as he tried
to stop her falling and offered his outstretched hands. He wept that he lost
his partner in twin peril, unaware she had joined the blue god [Poseidon]. On
reaching land, the ram becomes a star, but its wool of gold reaches the houses
of Colchis."
Ovid, Heroides 19. 163 ff :
"Why, though Phrixus and Phrixus’ sister both rode this way [across
the Hellespontos], did the maiden [Helle] alone give name to these wide waters?"
Propertius, Elegies 2. 26a (trans. Goold) (Roman elegy 1st B.C.)
:
"Helle tossed on the purple waves, whom the Golden Ram carried on his fleecy
back."
Seneca, Troades 1034 ff (trans. Miller) (Roman tragedy 1st A.D.)
:
"Phrixus mourned because Helle fell, when the flock’s leader, resplendent
with golden fleece, bore brother and sister on his back together, and in mid-sea
lost half his burden."
Valerius Flaccus, Argonautica 1. 280 ff (trans. Mozley) (Roman epic
1st A.D.) :
"[Orpheus sang of how] Phrixus stood, his temples bound about with fillets,
of how he fled from the sinful altar veiled in cloud, and Athamas to Learchus,
Ino’s son; of how the Golden-Ram bore the lad into the pitying waves,
of how Helle sat grasping the horns. Seven times had Aurora [Eos the Dawn] fulfilled
her course, and seven nights had Luna [Selene the Moon] completed in heaven,
when Sestos, that from afar the waters seemed not to sunder from Abydos, began
to part from its twin city. Then the sister whose name shall live for a time
forsakes Aeolus’ son, saved, alas! in vain from her cruel stepmother.
Still with weary hands she strains far behind the wet fleece, but the waves
draw down her garments heavy now with the drenching water, and her hands slip
off the smooth gold. What grief was thine, Phrixus, when rapt on by the whirling
tide thous didst look back and see the face of the hapless maid as she called
to thee—her hands only—then her hair spread out upon the waters."
Valerius Flaccus, Argonautica 5. 228 ff :
"When at last he [Phrixos] died [of old age], on a sudden appeared a marvellous
flame in heaven, and the Ram in a vast constellation stirring up all the sea."
Nonnus, Dionysiaca 10. 67 ff (trans. Rouse) (Greek epic 5th A.D.)
:
"[Ino, the stepmother of Phrixos, laments :] `Nephele sends the Erinyes
after me, that I may die in this sea where maiden Helle fell. I have heard that
Phrixos was carried through the air to the Kolkhian country, guiding aloft the
Ram who took him off, and he still lives in a distant land. O that my son Melikertes
too might escape to another country, and travel the high path of the Krios Khrysopokos
(Gold-fleece Ram)!'"
At
the left is a Greek vase in the Naples Archaeological Museum that is likely
from Greek Italy in late Classical times. Once again we see Athena helping Jason
secure the Golden Fleece, while Medea feeds the serpent soothing magic to put
it to sleep.
Pindar, Pythian Odes 4. 156 ff (trans. Conway) (Greek lyric 5th B.C.)
:
"[Pelias commands Jason fetch the Golden Fleece :] `You have it in your
strength to undo the vengeful anger of the powers of earth below. To bring his
spirit again Phrixos commands us journey to Aietes hall, and fetch from thence
the thick fleece of the ram, which saved him from the sea long ago.'"
Simonides, Fragment 576 (from Scholiast on Apollonius of Rhodes' Argonautica)
:
"Many have called the skin golden, and Apollonius followed them. Simonides
sometimes calls it white, sometimes purple."
Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 1. 109 (trans. Aldrich) (Greek mythographer
2nd A.D.) :
"[Pelias] commanded Iason (Jason) to go after the [golden] fleece, which
was in Kolkhis in a grove of Ares, hanging from an oak tree, and guarded by
an ever wakeful serpent."
Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica 4. 165 ff (trans. Rieu) (Greek epic
3rd B.C.) :
"Lord Iason (Jason) held up the great fleece in his arms. The shimmering
wool threw a fiery glow on his fair cheeks and forehead; and he rejoiced in
it, glad as a girl who catches on her silken gown the lovely light of the full
moon, as it climbs the sky and looks into her attic room. The ram’s skin
with its golden covering was as large as the hide of a yearling heifer or a
brocket, as a young stag is called by hunting folk. The long flocks weighed
it down and the very ground before him as he walked was bright with gold. When
he slung it on his left shoulder, as he did at times, it reached his feet. But
now and again he made a bundle of it in his arms. He was mortally afraid that
some god or man might rob him on the way. Dawn was spreading over the world
when they rejoined the rest. The young men marvelled when they saw the mighty
fleece, dazzling as the lightning of Zeus, and they all leapt up in their eagerness
to touch it and hold it in their hands. But Iason kept them off and threw a
new mantle over the fleece."
Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica 4. 1141 ff :
"[In the cave of Makris on the island of the Phaiakians, Jason and Medea
consumated their marriage :] It was here that they prepared a great bed, spreading
the shining golden fleece on top of it, to grace the wedding and make it famous
in story. Nymphai gathered flowers for them, and as they brought the many-coloured
bunches into the cave in their white arms the fiery splendour of the fleece
played on them all, so bright was the glitter of its golden wool. It kindled
in their eyes a sweet desire. They longed to lay their hands on it, and yet
they were afraid to touch it."
Strabo, Geography 11. 2. 19 (trans. Jones) (Greek geographer 1st
B.C. to 1st A.D.) :
"The Soanes [a tribe of the Kaukasos mountains near Kolkhis]… It
is said that in their country gold is carried down by the mountain torrents,
and that the barbarians obtain it by means of perforated troughs and fleecy
skins, and that this is the origin of the myth of the Golden Fleece."
Diodorus Siculus, Library of History 4. 40. 4 (trans. Oldfather)
(Greek historian 1st B.C.) :
"He [Pelias] urged Iason (Jason) to undertake an exploit by sailing to
Kolkhis after the renowned golden-fleeced skin of the ram."
Philostratus the Elder, Imagines 2. 15 (trans. Fairbanks) (Greek
rhetorician 3rd A.D.) :
"The purpose of the voyage [of the Argonauts] was as follows : In Kolkhis
is preserved a golden fleece, the fleece of the ancient ram that ferried Helle
with Phrixos across the sky, as the story goes. Jason, my boy, undertakes the
task of securing this fleece—a task indeed, for to guard the fleece a
drakon of fear-inspiring look and disdainful of sleep holds it encircled in
his coils."
Philostratus the Elder, Imagines 2. 17. 6 :
"This creature [the drakon] is said to be devoted to gold and whatever
golden thing it sees it loves and cherishes; thus the fleece in Kolkhis and
the apples of the Hesperides, since they seemed to be of gold, two drakones
(serpents) that never slept guarded and claimed as their own."
Philostratus the Younger, Imagines 11
"[From a description of an ancient Greek painting :] After the contest
with the bulls Medeia has charmed this drakon (serpent) to sleep, the 'ram’s
fleece of golden wool' has been seized as booty, and the crew of the Argo have
now set forth in hasty flight, inasmuch as the maiden’s deeds have become
known to the Kolkhians and Aietes."
Pseudo-Hyginus, Fabulae 22 :
"An oracle told Aeetes, son of Sol [Helios], that he would keep his kingdom
as long as the fleece which Phrixus had dedicated should remain in the shrine
of Mars [Ares]."
Ovid, Metamorphoses 7. 7 (trans. Melville) (Roman epic 1st B.C. to
1st A.D.) :
"Going to the king [Aeetes of Kolkhis] they [the Argonauts] claimed the
famous Golden Fleece and learnt the fearful terms and monstrous toils imposed."
Ovid, Heroides 6. 1 ff (trans. Showerman) (Roman poetry 1st B.C.
to 1st A.D.) :
"You [Jason] are said to have touched the shores of Thessalia with safe-returning
keel, rich in the fleece of the golden ram."
Ovid, Heroides 6. 13 ff :
"The spoil of the ram, the deep-gold fleece the unsleeping dracon (dragon)
guarded, had nevertheless been stolen away by your [Jason's] bold hand."
Ovid, Heroides 6. 102 ff :
"And someone of the partisans of Pelias imputes your [Jason's] deeds to
her poisons, and wins the people to believe: `This fleece of gold from the ram
of Phrixus the son of Aeson did not seize away, but the Phasian girl, Aeëtes
child.'”
Ovid, Heroides 12. 101 ff :
"All a-bristle with rattling scales, come the unsleeping sentinel, hissing
and sweeping the ground with winding belly… I [Medea] closed the lids
of the flame-like eyes in slumber wrought by my drug, and gave into your [Jason's]
hand the fleece to steal away unharmed."
Ovid, Heroides 12. 199 ff :
"[Medea laments the betrayal of Jason :] Where is my dowry, you ask? On
the field I counted it out—that field which you had to plough before you
could bear away the fleece. The famous golden ram, sightly for deep flock, is
my dowry—the which, should I say to you 'Restore it!' you would refuse
to render up."
Seneca, Hercules Furens 465 ff (trans. Miller) (Roman tragedy 1st
A.D.) :
"[Medea rebukes Jason :] `O ungrateful man… Think, too, on the long-sought
spoil of the ram of Phrixus, the sleepless dragon (monstrum), bidden to close
his eyes [by Medea] in unknown slumber.'"
Valerius Flaccus, Argonautica 1. 55 ff (trans. Mozley) (Roman epic
1st A.D.) :
"[Pelias commands Jason fetch the Golden Fleece :] `Bring back the fleece
of Nephele’s ram to its Grecian sanctuary, and think not thyself too frail
for so perilous a task.’… [But Pelias] no word spake he of the…
fleece held by the monstrous Dracon."
Valerius Flaccus, Argonautica 1. 504 ff :
"The lord of War [Ares] gave loud assent [that Jason should not be allowed
to steal the Fleece] and shook his head, for he saw the Fleece assailed that
hung as a trophy in his honour."
Valerius Flaccus, Argonautica 5. 228 ff :
"The fleece had Phrixus left in Mars’ [Ares’] shady grove,
a conspicuous memorial of his peril, embracing an oak tree with its glowing
metal. Once too did he appear, a vast phantom… and a great voice spoke
forth and struck terror into [Aeetes] ‘… Dolour and ruin of thy
realm shall abound for thee what time the fleece is stolen from the sleep-drugged
grove…’
He spoke, and seemed therewith to put forth his hand and proffer the fateful hide, and from the visionary gold there poured a gleam which glanced about the coffered ceiling of the palace. Trembling [Aeetes prayed]… Gradivus [Ares], in whose sacred oak the fleece doth glitter, keep watch; present to aid let they arms clash and trumpets sound in they grove and thy voice ring through the darkness.’
Scarce had he spoken, when a Serpent gliding from the Caucasian mountains, not without the will of the god, entwined all the grove with its circling coils and looked toward the Grecian land. Therefore is he watchful to foil all threats and the dangers foretold by Phrixus."
Valerius Flaccus, Argonautica 8. 105 ff :
"The hero [Jason] asked [Medea] by what way he should climb aloft to the
summit of the gold-freighted tree: `Courage,’ she cries, `go climb the
Dracon himself [which Medea had put to sleep with her magics], and set thy footsteps
on his back, there in thy path!’ With no delay the child of Cretheus [Jason]
trusts her word and scales the ash tree, high thou it soar, where still the
branches guarded the skin of ruddy hue, like to illumined cloud or to Thaumantias
[Iris the Rainbow]… Jason snatches the longed-for prize and the final
fruit of toil, and scarce did the tree give up the memorial flight of Phrixus,
its yearlong burden, but it uttered a groan and gloomy darkness closed upon
it. Forth they go by the fields, seeking the river’s farthest bank; the
whole landscape flashes while the hero now wraps his body the fleece with its
starry tufts of hair, now shifts it to his neck, now folds it upon his left
arm… But when his comrades, who had gained the appointed river-mouth saw
him through the dark distance flashing all golden, the Haemonian crew [the Argonauts]
set forth a cheer; joyfully the vessel too moves to the nearest bank to greet
the youth. Swiftly he comes, and hurls the golden fleece before him, then with
the bewildered maiden leaps on board the ship, and stands triumphant spear in
hand."
Valerius Flaccus, Argonautica 8. 256 ff :
“Midmost of them all [the Argonauts at the wedding of Jason & Medea]
in rosy radiance of youth the pair recline on a loftier couch and upon the gold
of their own fleece."
• Apollodorus, The Library — Greek Mythography 2nd A.D.
• Apollonius Rhodius, The Argonautica — Greek Epic 3rd B.C.
• Callistratus, Descriptions — Greek Rhetoric 3rd A.D.
• Diodorus Siculus, The Library of History — Greek History 1st
B.C.
• Greek Lyric III Simonides, Fragments — Greek Lyric 6th–5th
B.C.
• Hesiod, Catalogues of Women — Greek Epic 8th–7th B.C.
• Hesiod, The Aegimius — Greek Epic 8th-7th B.C.
• Hyginus, Fabulae — Latin Mythography 2nd A.D.
• Hyginus, Astronomica — Latin Mythography 2nd A.D.
• Nonnos, Dionysiaca — Greek Epic 5th A.D.
• Ovid, Metamorphoses — Latin Epic 1st B.C.–1st A.D.
• Ovid, Fasti — Latin Poetry 1st B.C.–1st A.D.
• Ovid, Heroides — Latin Poetry 1st B.C.–1st A.D.
• Pausanias, Guide to Greece — Greek Geography 2nd A.D.
• Philostratus the Elder, Imagines — Greek Rhetoric 3rd A.D.
• Philostratus the Younger, Imagines — Greek Rhetoric 3rd A.D.
• Pindar, Odes — Greek Lyric 5th B.C.
• Propertius, Elegies — Latin Elegy 1st B.C.
• Seneca, Medea — Latin Tragedy 1st A.D.
• Seneca, Troades — Latin Tragedy 1st A.D.
• Strabo, Geography — Greek Geography 1st B.C.–1st A.D.
At
the left is an otherwise unknown late Classical Greek, or possibly Roman, painting
of the taking of the Golden Fleece. Note Athena again in the upper right, but
here Jason is having to fight with the dragon using a club instead of having
a drugged guardian of the fleece. Location and details unknown.
II. The Hamlets of Thedinghsweert & Zoelen-Aldenhaag
III. The van Egmonds, Claes Vijgh & The Golden Fleece
IV. The Standing Ram Fleece & Charles V
Appendix 1. The Standing Ram Fleece As Seen in the Insignie Orden Book & Other Catalogs
Appendix 2. Other Scholars Look At the Aldenhaag Fleece
Appendix 3. Greek & Roman Mythology of the Golden Fleece
May 2010 Meeting on the Aldenhaag Fleece — 1. The Places
May 2010 Meeting on the Aldenhaag Fleece — 2. The Fleece
Return to Society of the Golden Fleece
Return to the Golden Fleece Insignia Page
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